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0 6, 207 72. 9 1650–1660 885 8. 4 7, 929 67, 3 1709–1719 861 8. 3 7, 616 52. 91 1770–1780 865 8. 9 7, 728 74. 1 1940–1950 778 7, 209 55. 0 1960–1970 850 8. 8 7, 399 73. 0 1975–1985 818 7, 186 77. 8 1990–2000 790 9. 5 6, 570 73. 8 Tributaries[edit] The Tisza is the longest tributary of the Danube. The land drained by the Danube extends into many other countries. Many Danubian tributaries are important rivers in their own right, navigable by barges and other shallow-draught boats. From its source to its outlet into the Black Sea, its main tributaries are (as they enter): The Danube discharges into the Black Sea (the upper body of water in the image). Cities and towns[edit] Confluence of (from left to right) Inn, Danube, and Ilz in Passau The Danube flows through many cities, including four national capitals (shown below in bold), more than any other river in the world.
5 million arrivals per year. [51] The Danube Banks in Budapest are a part of Unesco World Heritage sites, they can be viewed from a number of sightseeing cruises offered in the city. The Danube Bend is also a popular tourist destination. Danube Bike Trail[edit] The Danube Bike Trail running along the Schlögener Schlinge The Danube Bike Trail leading through the city of Linz The Danube Bike Trail (also called Danube Cycle Path or the Donauradweg) is a bicycle trail along the river.
Also, leisure and travel cruises on the river are of significance. Besides the often frequented route between Vienna and Budapest, some ships even go from Passau in Germany to the Danube Delta and back. During the peak season, more than 70 cruise liners are in use on the river, while the traffic-free upper parts can only be discovered with canoes or boats.
Bratislava does not usually suffer major floods, but the Danube sometimes overflows its right bank. Ancient cultural perspectives of the lower Danube[edit] Part of the rivers Danubius or Istros was also known as (together with the Black Sea) the Okeanos in ancient times, being called the Okeanos Potamos (Okeanos River). The lower Danube was also called the Keras Okeanoio (Gulf or Horn of Okeanos) in the Argonautica by Apollonius Rhodos (Argon.
From 37 CE to the reign of the Emperor Valentinian I (364–375) the Danubian Limes was the northeastern border of the Empire, with occasional interruptions such as the fall of the Danubian Limes in 259. The crossing of the Danube into Dacia was achieved by the Imperium Romanum, first in two battles in 102 and then in 106 after the construction of a bridge in 101 near the garrison town of Drobeta at the Iron Gate. This victory over Dacia under Decebalus enabled the Province of Dacia to be created, but in 271 it was lost again. Avars used the river as their southeastern border in the 6th century. A look upstream from the Donauinsel in Vienna, Austria during an unusually cold winter (February 2006). A frozen Danube usually occurs just once or twice in a lifetime.
On 13 April 2006, a record peak discharge at Iron Gate Dam reached 15, 400 m3/s (540, 000 cu ft/s). There are three artificial waterways built on the Danube: the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal (DTD) in the Banat and Bačka regions (Vojvodina, northern province of Serbia); the 64 km (40 mi) Danube-Black Sea Canal, between Cernavodă and Constanța (Romania) finished in 1984, shortens the distance to the Black Sea by 400 km (250 mi); the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal is about 171 km (106 mi), finished in 1992, linking the North Sea to the Black Sea.
On many days in the summer, when the Danube carries little water, it completely oozes away noisily into these underground channels at two locations in the Swabian Alb, which are referred to as the Donauversickerung (Danube Sink). Most of this water resurfaces only 12 km (7. 5 mi) south at the Aachtopf, Germany's wellspring with the highest flow, an average of 8, 500 L/s (300 cu ft/s), north of Lake Constance—thus feeding the Rhine. The European Water Divide applies only for those waters that pass beyond this point, and only during the days of the year when the Danube carries enough water to survive the sinkholes in the Donauversickerung.
From there the Sultans Trail leaves the Danube, terminating in Istanbul. Sections along the river are as follows. Vienna–Budapest (323 km or 201 mi) Budapest–Smederevo (595 km or 370 mi) Donausteig[edit] Resting area along the Donausteig hiking trail near Bad Kreuzen In 2010, the Donausteig, a hiking trail from Passau to Grein, was opened. It is 450 km (280 mi) long and it is divided into 23 stages. The route passes through five Bavarian and 40 Austrian communities.
Especially the parts through Germany and Austria are very popular, which makes it one of the 10 most popular bike trails in Germany. [52] The Danube Bike Trail starts at the origin of the Danube and ends where the river flows into the Black Sea. It is divided into four sections: Donaueschingen–Passau (559 km or 347 mi) Passau–Vienna (340 km or 210 mi) Vienna–Budapest (306 km or 190 mi) Budapest–Black Sea (1, 670 km or 1, 040 mi) Sultans Trail[edit] The Sultans Trail is a hiking trail that runs along the river between Vienna and Smederevo in Serbia.
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Danube remains a characteristic mountain river until Passau, with average bottom gradient 0. 0012% (12 ppm), from Passau to Devín Gate the gradient lessens to 0. 0006% (6 ppm). Middle Section: From Devín Gate to Iron Gate, at the border of Serbia and Romania. The riverbed widens and the average bottom gradient becomes only 0. 00006% (0. 6 ppm). Lower Section: From Iron Gate to Sulina, with average gradient as little as 0. 00003% (0. 3 ppm). Modern navigation[edit] This section needs expansion with: how the "Iron Gate" relates to ship navigation?. You can help by adding to it. (November 2022) Freight ship on the Danube near Vienna The Danube is navigable by ocean ships from the Black Sea to Brăila in Romania (the maritime river sector), and further on by river ships to Kelheim, Bavaria, Germany; smaller craft can navigate further upstream to Ulm, Württemberg, Germany.
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[9] In the Middle Ages, the Greek Tiras was borrowed into Italian as Tyrlo and into Turkic languages as Tyrla; the latter was further borrowed into Romanian as a regionalism (Turlă). [9] The Thraco-Phrygian name was Matoas, [10] "the bringer of luck". [11] The Middle Mongolian name for the Danube was transliterated as Tho-na in 1829 by Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat. [12] The modern languages spoken in the Danube basin all use names related to Dānuvius: German: Donau (IPA: [ˈdoːnaʊ] (listen)); Romanian: Dunărea (IPA: [ˈdunəre̯a]; via German);[13] Bavarian: Doana; Silesian: Dōnaj; Upper Sorbian: Dunaj; Czech: Dunaj (IPA: [ˈdunaj]); Slovak: Dunaj (IPA: [ˈdunaj]); Polish: Dunaj (IPA: [ˈdunaj] (listen)); Hungarian: Duna (IPA: [ˈdunɒ] (listen)); Slovene: Donava (IPA: [ˈdóːnaʋa]); Serbo-Croatian: Dunav / Дунав (IPA: [dǔna(ː)ʋ]); Bulgarian: Дунав, romanized: Dunav (IPA: [ˈdunɐf]); Russian: Дунай, romanized: Dunaj (IPA: [dʊˈnaj]); Ukrainian: Дунай, romanized: Dunaj (IPA: [dʊˈnɑj]); Greek: Δούναβης (IPA: [ˈðunavis]); Italian: Danubio (IPA: [daˈnuːbjo]); Spanish: Danubio; (IPA: [daˈnuβjo]); Turkish: Tuna; Romansh: Danubi; Albanian: Tunë, definite Albanian form: Tuna.
8 5, 875. 5 4, 891 1, 906. 3 1, 808. 1 1, 644. 1 1, 227. 8 2019 5, 579 5, 168 4, 593 2, 253 2, 114 1, 962 1, 446 2020 4, 893. 5 Multiannual average, minimum and maximum discharge (water period from 1876 to 2010)[25] Station Discharge (m3/s) Min Mean Max Ceatal Izmail 1, 889 6, 489 14, 673 Reni, Isaccea 1, 805 6, 564 14, 820 Zimnicea, Svishtov 1, 411 6, 018 14, 510 Orșova 1, 672 5, 572 13, 324 Veliko Gradište 1, 461 5, 550 14, 152 1, 454 5, 310 13, 080 Bogojevo 959 2, 889 8, 153 Bezdan, Batina 749 2, 353 7, 043 Mohács 667 2, 336 7, 227 Nagymaros, Szob 628 2, 333 7, 057 633 2, 059 7, 324 506 1, 917 6, 062 Krems an der Donau 596 1, 845 5, 986 468 1, 451 4, 783 Hofkirchen 211 638 1, 943 128 444 1, 330 83 312 965 Ulm 38 153 Simulated water and suspended sediment results from climate-driven decadal study (with STD through specific decade)[26] Water period Average preciptation in the basin (mm) Average temperature in the basin (°C) Average discharge (m3/s) Sediment load (106 tons) 1530–1540 794 9.
Its longest headstream Breg rises in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald. The river was known to the ancient Greeks as the Istros (Ἴστρος)[8] a borrowing from a Daco-Thracian name meaning 'strong, swift', from a root possibly also encountered in the ancient name of the Dniester (Danaster in Latin, Tiras in Greek) and akin to Iranic turos 'swift' and Sanskrit iṣiras (इषिरस्) 'swift', from the PIE *isro-, *sreu 'to flow'.
0% of basin area), Hungary (11. 6%), Serbia (10. 2%), Austria (10. 0%), Germany (7. 0%), Bulgaria (5. 9%), Slovakia (5. 9%), Croatia (4. 4%), Ukraine (3. 8%), and Moldova (1. 6%). [20] Its drainage basin extends into nine more (ten if Kosovo is included). Drainage basin[edit] In addition to the bordering countries (see above), the drainage basin includes parts of nine more countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina (4. 6% of the basin area), the Czech Republic (2. 9%), Slovenia (2. 0%), Montenegro (0. 9%), Switzerland (0. 2%), Italy (<0. 15%), Poland (<0.
The Danube region is not only culturally and historically of importance, but also due to its fascinating landmarks and sights important for the regional tourism industry. With its well established infrastructure regarding cycling, hiking, and travel possibilities, the region along the Danube attracts every year an international clientele. In Austria alone, there are more than 14 million overnight stays and about 6.
[45] The sturgeon stocks associated with the Danube River basin have, over the centuries, formed the basis of a large and significant commercial fishery, renowned throughout the world. The construction of the dams, besides overfishing and river pollution, has a significant role in sturgeon population decline because it creates a barrier for fish migratory species that usually spawn in the upper parts of the river. [46] The spawning areas of migratory fishes species has been dramatically reduced by the construction of hydropower and navigation systems at Iron Gates I (1974) and Iron Gates II (1984)Corda (1988).
About 60 of its tributaries are also navigable. Since the completion of the German Rhine–Main–Danube Canal in 1992, the river has been part of a trans-European waterway from Rotterdam on the North Sea to Sulina on the Black Sea, a distance of 3, 500 km (2, 200 mi). In 1994 the Danube was declared[by whom? ] one of ten Pan-European transport corridors, routes in Central and Eastern Europe that required major investment over the following ten to fifteen years. [citation needed] The amount of goods transported on the Danube increased to about 100 million tons in 1987.
"[44] Today, as "Corridor VII" of the European Union, the Danube is an important transport route. Since the opening of the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, the river connects the Port of Rotterdam and the industrial centers of Western Europe with the Black Sea and, also, through the Danube – Black Sea Canal, with the Port of Constanța. The waterway is designed for large-scale inland vessels (110 × 11. 45 m) but it can carry much larger vessels on most of its course. The Danube has been partly canalized in Germany (5 locks) and Austria (10 locks).
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Its lakes and marshes support 45 freshwater fish species. Its wetlands support vast flocks of migratory birds of over 300 species, including the endangered pygmy cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus). These are threatened by rival canalization and drainage schemes such as the Bystroye Canal. [36] 2022 heat wave[edit] In 2022, there was a major heat wave in Europe. As a result, there was less water flowing in the rivers.
In 1999, transport on the river was made difficult by the NATO bombing of three bridges in Serbia during the Kosovo War. Clearance of the resulting debris was completed in 2002, and a temporary pontoon bridge that hampered navigation was removed in 2005. [citation needed] At the Iron Gate, the Danube flows through a gorge that forms part of the boundary between Serbia and Romania; it contains the Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station dam, followed at about 60 km (37 mi) downstream (outside the gorge) by the Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station.
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