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In the ensuing purges, approximately 350, 000 officials and intellectuals were imprisoned or executed from 1948 to 1956. [117] Many freethinkers, democrats, and Horthy-era dignitaries were secretly arrested and extrajudicially interned in domestic and foreign gulags. Some 600, 000 Hungarians were deported to Soviet labour camps, where at least 200, 000 died. [118] After Stalin's death in 1953, the Soviet Union pursued a programme of de-Stalinisation that was inimical to Rákosi, leading to his deposition. The following political cooling saw the ascent of Imre Nagy to the premiership and the growing interest of students and intellectuals in political life.
The country's eastern regions, especially around Debrecen (the "Calvinist Rome"), remain almost completely Reformed, [210] a trait they share with historically contiguous ethnically Hungarian regions across the Romanian border. Orthodox Christianity in Hungary is associated with the country's ethnic minorities: Armenians, Bulgarians, Greeks, Romanians, Rusyns, Ukrainians, and Serbs.
[259] During UEFA Euro 2016 Hungary won Group F and were eventually defeated in the round of 16. Media During the Communist era (1945–1989) the mass media in Hungary were mainly under Stalinist control. [260] In the 2020s major television channels include TV2 and RTL and radio networks include Karc FM and Radio 1. Some daily newspapers, such as Magyar Hírlap, no longer issue print versions but maintain just an online presence, and others have closed in recent years.
[58] Applying to Pope Sylvester II, Stephen received the insignia of royalty (including probably a part of the Holy Crown of Hungary, currently kept in the Hungarian Parliament) from the papacy. By 1006, Stephen consolidated his power and started sweeping reforms to convert Hungary into a Western feudal state.
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The Sezession from Vienna, the German Jugendstil, Art Nouveau from Belgium and France, and the influence of English and Finnish architecture are all reflected in the buildings constructed at the turn of the 20th century. Béla Lajta initially adopted Lechner's style, subsequently drawing his inspiration from English and Finnish trends; after developing an interest in the Egyptian style, he finally arrived at modern architecture. Aladár Árkay took almost the same route. István Medgyaszay developed his own style, which differed from Lechner's, using stylised traditional motifs to create decorative designs in concrete.
[4] In Hungary, people can declare more than one ethnicity, so the sum of ethnicities is higher than the total population. [206] Today, approximately 5 million Hungarians live outside Hungary. Languages Regions of Central and Eastern Europe inhabited by Hungarian speakers today Hungarian is the official and predominant spoken language. Hungarian is the 13th most widely spoken first language in Europe with around 13 million native speakers and it is one of 24 official and working languages of the European Union. [207] Outside Hungary, it is also spoken in neighbouring countries and by Hungarian diaspora communities worldwide.
Police car at Hungary-Serbia border barrier During the 2015 migrant crisis, the government built a border barrier on the Hungarian-Croatian and Hungarian-Serbian borders to prevent illegal migration. [125] The Hungarian government also criticised the official European Union policy for not dissuading migrants from entering Europe. [126] The barrier became successful, as from 17 October 2015 onward, thousands of migrants were diverted daily to Slovenia instead. [127] Migration has become a key issue in the 2018 parliamentary elections.
The team of that era has the second all-time highest Football Elo Rating in the world, with 2166, and one of the longest undefeated runs in football history, remaining unbeaten in 31 games spanning more than four years. [257] The post-golden age decades saw a gradually weakening Hungary, though recently there is renewal in all aspects. The Hungarian Children's Football Federation was founded in 2008, as youth development thrives. They hosted the 2010 UEFA Futsal Championship in Budapest and Debrecen, the first time the MLSZ staged a UEFA finals tournament. Also, the national teams have produced some surprise successes such as beating Euro 2004 winner Greece 3–2[258] and 2006 FIFA World Cup winner Italy 3–1.
[143] Nationalities who did not get a mandate could send a nationality spokesman to the National Assembly. The current political landscape in Hungary is dominated by the conservative Fidesz, who have a near supermajority, and three medium-sized parties, the left-wing Democratic Coalition (DK), the far-right Our Homeland Movement and liberal Momentum. After the fall of the Iron Curtain and the end of communist dictatorship in 1989, a democratic form of government was established. Today's parliament is still called Országgyűlés just like in royal times, but in order to differentiate between the historical royal diet is referred to as the "National Assembly" now.
After German occupation, Hungary participated in the Holocaust. [95][96] During the German occupation in May–June 1944, the Arrow Cross and Hungarian police deported nearly 440, 000 Jews, mainly to Auschwitz. Nearly all of them were murdered. [97][98] The Swedish Diplomat Raoul Wallenberg managed to save a considerable number of Hungarian Jews by giving them Swedish passports. [99] Rezső Kasztner, one of the leaders of the Hungarian Aid and Rescue Committee, bribed senior SS officers such as Adolf Eichmann to allow some Jews to escape. [100][101][102] The Horthy government's complicity in the Holocaust remains a point of controversy and contention. The war left Hungary devastated, destroying over 60% of the economy and causing significant loss of life.
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Hungary - Wikipedia Hungary has a population of 9.7 million, mostly ethnic Hungarians and a significant Romani minority. Hungarian, the official language, is the world's